Notes of Chapter 09: Solutions of “Chemistry XI” for FSc Part 1 published by Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore. These notes are very helpful to prepare Chemistry paper of FSc Part 1 for Federal Board, Multan Board, Faisalabad Board, Sargodha Board, Gujranwala Board, DG Khan Board, Rawalpindi Board or any other board of Punjab, Pakistan.

Every sample of matter with uniform properties and a fixed composition is called a phase e.g. water at room temperature and normal pressure exists as a single liquid phase, that is, all the properties of water are uniform throughout the liquid phase …

• Concept of a solution
• Concentration units of solutions
• Percentage composition
• Molarity(M)
• Molality(m)
• Mole fraction(x)
• Parts per million(ppm)
• Interconversion of various concentration units of solutions
• Types of solutions
• Solutions of solids in Liquids
• Solutions of liquids in liquids
• Ideal and non-ideal solutions
• Raoult's law
• Vapour pressure of liquid liquid solutions
• Ideal solutions
• Non-ideal solutions
• Solubility and solubility curves
• Fractional crystallization
• Colligative properties of solutions
• Energetics of solutions
• Hydration energy of ions
• Hydration and hydrolysis