Notes of Chapter 08: Chemical Equilibrium of “Chemistry XI” for FSc Part 1 published by Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore. These notes are very helpful to prepare Chemistry paper of FSc Part 1 for Federal Board, Multan Board, Faisalabad Board, Sargodha Board, Gujranwala Board, DG Khan Board, Rawalpindi Board or any other board of Punjab, Pakistan.

A chemical reaction k takes place in both directions,i.e. foreard and reverse, but in some cases the tendency of reverse reactions is very small and is negligible …

• Reversible and irreversible reactions
• State of chemical equilibrium
• Law of mass action
• Equilibrium constant expressions for some important reactions
• Relationship between equilibrium constants
• Applications of equilibrium constant
• The Le-Chatelier's principle
• Applications of chemical equilibrium in industry
• Synthesis of Ammonia by Haber's process
• Preparation of sulphur trioxide
• Ionic product of water
• Ionization constants of acids
• Ionization constants of basis
• Lowry Bronsted acid and base concept
• Common ion effect
• Buffer solutionsBuffer capacity
• Equilibria of slightly soluble ionic compounds
• Applications of solubility product